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Line 1: − __NOTOC__+ − − {{TextBox − |text=<span style="font-size:12%; line-height: 2.1em;">|1=<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">[[#A|A]], [[#B|B]], [[#C|C]], [[#D|D]], [[#E|E]], [[#F|F]], [[#G|G]], [[#H|H]], [[#I|I]], [[#J|J]], [[#K|K]], [[#L|L]], [[#M|M]], [[#N|N]], [[#O|O]], [[#P|P]], [[#Q|Q]], [[#R|R]], [[#S|S]], [[#T|T]], [[#U|U]], [[#V|V]], [[#W|W]], [[#X|X]], [[#Y|Y]], [[#Z|Z]]</div>}} − − − = A = − === Aggregate === − A broad category of particulate material used in construction, including sand, − gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates, and available in − various particulate size gradations. − − − = B = − === Berm === − A compacted earthen wall that diverts runoff or creates shallow ponding of runoff. In − some cases, runoff ponds behind the berm and gradually flows through it or is infiltrated. − − === Biofilter === − A bioretention stormwater best management practice featuring an impermeable liner − and underdrain that prevents infiltration of runoff into the underlying native soil; provides − sedimentation and filtration of urban runoff as it passes through the mulch layer, engineered − filter media and vegetation root zone. − − === Bioretention === − A stormwater filtration and infiltration practice. The practice is a shallow − excavated surface depression containing a prepared soil mix, mulch, and planted with specially − selected vegetation. The system is engineered to temporarily store runoff in the depression and − gradually filters it through the mulch, engineered soil mix, and root zone. They remove − pollutants from runoff through filtration in the soil and uptake by plant roots and can help to − reduce runoff volume through evapotranspiration and infiltration. − − − = C = − === Check Dam === − Structures constructed of a non-erosive material, such as suitably sized − aggregate, wood, gabions, riprap, or concrete, used to slow runoff water to allow sedimentation, − filtration, evapotranspiration, and infiltration into the underlying native soil. Can be employed in − practices such as dry and enhanced grass swales. − − === Cistern === − Tank used to store rainwater (typically roof runoff) for later use. − − − = D = − === Depression Storage === − A technique for incorporating shallow depressed areas into urban − landscaped areas for storing and infiltrating runoff. Typically, depression storage areas are − small and have limited capacity and limited duration of retention in order to address property − owner concerns relating to insects, damage to structures and inconvenience of ponded water on − their property. − − === Detention === − The temporary storage of stormwater to control discharge rates, and allow for − sedimentation. − − === Drawdown Time === − The period between the maximum water level and the minimum level (dryweather − or antecedent level). − − === Dry Swale === − Linear bioretention cells designed to convey, treat and attenuate stormwater runoff; − The engineered filter media soil mixture and vegetation slows the runoff water to allow − sedimentation, filtration through the root zone, evapotranspiration, and infiltration into the − underlying native soil. − − − = E= − === Evapotranspiration === − The combined loss of water to the atmosphere from land and water − surfaces by evaporation and from plants by transpiration. − − === Enhanced Grass Swale === − Vegetated open channels designed to convey, treat and attenuate − stormwater runoff, also referred to as enhanced vegetated swales. Enhanced grass swales are − not capable of providing the same water balance and water quality benefits as dry swales, as − they lack the engineered soil media and storage capacity. − − === Environmental Impact Report (EIR) === − The evaluation of the possible effects that may arise from a − proposed project on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic − aspects. − − === Exfiltration === − Loss of water from a drainage system as a result of percolation or absorption into − the surrounding medium (e.g., the infiltration of water into the native soil through a perforated − pipe wall as it is conveyed). − − − = F = − === Filter Media === − The engineered soil bed component of bioretention cell or dry swale designs, − typically composed of a sandy soil mixture containing a limited proportion of fine textured − material, which provides a growing medium for vegetation, maintains a high rate of infiltration − over the lifespan of the practice, and retains contaminants through filtration and adsorption to − soil particles. − − === Filtration === − The technique of removing pollutants from runoff as it infiltrates through the soil. − − === Fines === − Soil materials with less than a 0.050 mm diameter particle size. − − === First Flush === − Initial pulse of stormwater runoff which picks up the pollutants that have settled on − surfaces during the dry period. The first flush contains the highest pollutant concentrations. − − === Forebay === − A pretreatment basin at the inlet of a practice that allow settling out of sediment and − associated contaminants suspended in urban runoff. − − === Flow Path Length === − The minimum linear distance of water flow across a surface. − − === Fluvial Geomorphology === − The study of the processes responsible for the shape and form, or − morphology, of watercourses; describes the processes whereby sediment (e.g., silt, sand, − gravel) and water are transported from the headwaters of a watershed to its mouth. − − === Fused Grid === − A hybrid neighbourhood and district layout model that combines the geometries of − inner city grid road patterns with the loop and cul-de-sac road patterns of conventional suburbs. − − − = G = − === Grass Swales === − Vegetated, open channels designed to convey, treat and attenuate runoff. − Design variations range from simple grass channels, which are designed primarily for − conveyance to more complex treatment and volume reduction designs like enhanced grass − swales, and dry swales or bioswales. − − === Geotextile === − A filter fabric that is installed to separate dissimilar soils and provide runoff filtration − and contaminant removal benefits while maintaining a suitable rate of flow; may be used to − prevent fine-textured soil from entering a coarse granular bed, or to prevent coarse granular − from being compressed into underlying finer-textured soils. − − === Granular === − Gravel, or crushed stone of various size gradations (i.e., diameter), used in − construction; void forming material used as bedding and runoff storage reservoirs and − underdrains in stormwater infiltration practices. − − === Gravel Diaphragm === − Is a level spreading device placed at a runoff discharge location, − perpendicular to flow, to maintain sheet flow and distribute runoff as evenly as possible across a − pervious area or stormwater infiltration practice. A gravel diaphragm acts as a pretreatment − device, settling out suspended sediments before they reach the practice. − − === Green Roof === − A thin layer of vegetation and growing medium installed on top of a conventional − flat or sloped roof, also referred to as living roofs or rooftop gardens. − − === Green Infrastructure === − Natural vegetation and vegetative technologies in urban settings such as: − urban forests; green roofs; green walls; green spaces; rain gardens; bioswales; community − gardens; natural and engineered wetlands and stormwater management ponds; and porous − pavement systems. These systems are designed to provide multiple benefits, such as moderate − temperatures, clean air and water, and improve aesthetics. − − === Groundwater Discharge === − The outflow of groundwater to a well, spring, wetland or watercourse. − − === Groundwater Recharge === − The inflow of surface water to a groundwater reservoir or aquifer. − − − = H = − === Hydraulic Conductivity === − A parameter that describes the capability of a medium to transmit water. − − === Hydrologic Cycle === − The circulation of water from the atmosphere to the earth and back, through − precipitation, runoff, infiltration, groundwater flow and evapotranspiration. − − === Hydrologic Regime === − The characteristic pattern of precipitation, runoff, infiltration and evaporation − affecting the hydrology of a system. − − === Hydrologic Soil Groups === − A soil classification system based on the ability to convey and store − water; divided into four groups: − − A – well drained sands and gravel, high infiltration capacity, high leaching potential and low − runoff potential; − − B – Moderately drained fine to coarse grained soils, moderate infiltration capacity, moderate − leaching potential and moderate runoff potential; − − C – Fine grained, low infiltration capacity, low leaching potential and high runoff potential; − − D – Clay soils, very low infiltration capacity, very low leaching potential and very high runoff − potential. − − − = I = − === Impervious === − A hard surface area (e.g., road, parking area or rooftop) that prevents or retards − the infiltration of water into the soil. − − === Infiltration === − Penetration of water through the ground surface. − − === Inline === − Refers to a system that accepts all of the flow from a drainage area and conveys larger − event flows through an overflow outlet. − − − = J = − − − = K = − − − = L = − === Landform === − The natural features of the landscape, dictates flow patterns, runoff velocities and − discharge rates. − − === Landscape-based Approach === − The principle that development form, servicing and stormwater − management strategies should be defined by the biophysical, hydrological and ecological − attributes of the landscape. − − === Lot Level === − The treatment of urban runoff as close to the source area as possible through − application of small scale stormwater management practices on individual properties that are − linked to downstream conveyance and end-of-pipe practices. − − === Low Impact Development === − A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the − impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source − as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater − management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and − evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting. − − − = M = − === Master Environmental Servicing Plan (MESP) === − Is a community-scale planning assessment of − servicing and environmental considerations for a development project. − − === Mulch === − Shredded woody material or leaf compost used as a top dressing over vegetation beds − that provides a source of soil nutrients and helps retain soil moisture; in bioretention cells and − dry swales the surface mulch layer provides pollutant removal and improves growing conditions − for the selected plants; shredded hardwood bark has been found to work best as it is less likely − to float. − − − = N = − === Native Soil === − The natural ground material characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic − origin. − − − = O = − === Offline === − Refers to a system that when full, stormwater will bypass the practice. Offline systems − use flow splitters or bypass channels that only allow the water quality volume to enter the − facility. This may be achieved with a pipe, weir, or curb opening sized for the target flow, but in − conjunction, create a bypass channel so that higher flows do not pass over the surface of the − filter bed. − − − = P = − === Permeable Pavement === − Is an alternative practice to traditional impervious pavement, prevents − the generation of runoff by allowing precipitation falling on the surface to infiltrate through the − surface course into an underlying stone reservoir and, where suitable conditions exist, into the − native soil. − − === Physiography === − The physical features of the land, including topography, morphology and − geologic origin. The physical feature of the land has an influence on the surface water − movement and the interactions between surface water and groundwater. − − === Pollution Hot Spot === − areas where certain land uses or activities have the potential to generate − highly contaminated runoff (e.g., vehicle fuelling, service or demolition areas, outdoor storage − and handling areas for hazardous materials and some heavy industry sites). − − === Pollutant Load === − The total mass of a pollutant entering a waterbody over a defined time period. − − === Predevelopment === − refers to the characteristics and functions of a system prior to urban − development. − − === Pretreatment === − Initial capturing and removal of unwanted contaminants, such as debris, − sediment, leaves and pollutants, from stormwater before reaching a best management practice; − Examples include, settling forebays, vegetated filter strips and gravel diaphragms. − − − = Q = − − − = R = − === Rain garden === − A lot level bioretention cell designed to receive and detain, infiltrate and filter runoff, typically used for discharge from downspouts. − − ===Rainwater harvesting=== − Is the practice of intercepting, conveying and storing rainwater for future use. The captured rainwater is typically used for outdoor non-potable water uses such as irrigation and pressure washing, or in the building to flush toilets or urinals or other uses that do not require potable water. − − === Recharge === − The infiltration and movement of surface water into the soil, past the vegetation root − zone, to the zone of saturation or water table. − − === Riparian === − A vegetated ecosystem alongside a waterbody, characteristically have a high water − table and are subject to periodic flooding. − − === Runoff === − Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface. − − − = S = − === Sedimentation === − Settling-out or deposition of particulate matter suspended in runoff. − − === Soakaway === − An excavated area lined with geotextile filter cloth and filled with clean granular − stone or other void forming material, that receives runoff and allow it to infiltrate into the native − soil; can also be referred to as infiltration galleries, French drains, dry wells or soakaway pits. − − === Soil Amendment === − The practice of adding organic material, such as mulch or compost to topsoil − to improve fertility, and tilling of the native soils to reverse compaction and restore its water − retaining capacity. − − === Standing Water === − Water ponded on the ground surface. − − === Stone Reservoir === − An underlying aggregate material bed that temporarily stores stormwater − before infiltrating into the native soil or being conveyed by an underdrain pipe. − − === Stormwater Planer === − A bioretention cell that features an imperveable liner that collects and − treats stormwater through sedimentation and filtration only (i.e., no infiltration). − − === Stream Channel === − A natural waterway, formed by fluvial processes, that conveys running water. − − − = T = − === Treatment Train Approach === − A combination of lot level, conveyance, and end-of-pipe stormwater − management practices. − − = U = − === Underdrain === − A perforated pipe used to assist the draining of soils. − − === Urbanization === − The changing of land cover and land uses from rural to urban; the growth of − urban settlements. − − − = V = − === Vegetated Filter Strip === − Are gently sloping, densely vegetated areas that treat runoff as sheet flow − from adjacent impervious areas. They function by slowing runoff velocity and filtering out − suspended sediment and associated pollutants, and by providing some infiltration into − underlying soils. Also known as buffer strips and grassed filter strips. − − − = W = − === Water Balance === − The accounting of inflow and outflow of water in a system according to the − components of the hydrologic cycle. − − === Water Cycle === − The continuous movement of water from the oceans to the atmosphere (by − evaporation), from the atmosphere to the land by condensation and precipitation, and from the land − back to the sea (via groundwater and stream flow); also referred to as hydrologic cycle. − − === Water Budget === − The mathematical expression of the water balance. − − === Water Quality Volume === − The amount of stormwater runoff from a given area required to be − retained by stormwater management practices to reduce pollutant load to an acceptable level. − − === Water Table === − Subsurface water level which is defined by the level below which all the spaces in − the soil are filled with water; The entire region below the water table is called the saturated − zone. − − === Watershed === − An area of land that drains into a river or a lake. The boundary of a watershed is − based on the elevation (natural contours) of a landscape. − − − = X = − − − = Y = − − − = Z =
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