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Line 1: − '''<h3>[[LID opportunities in parks]]</h3>''' [[File:Example.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The bioretention area installed at O’Connor Park+ − in Mississauga is part of a stormwater management system − that treats parking lot runoff prior to discharging to a local − wetland. (Source: CVC)]] − − Parks range from simple parcels of municipal property to − complex outdoor recreational facilities that include parking, − sidewalks, trails, sports fields, field houses, operations − facilities, and washrooms. Each distinct area of your site can − be a source for runoff (referred to as a ‘source area’). These − areas should be targeted when introducing LID in your park. − <br><br> − '''<h4>Targeting hard surfaces</h4>''' − Hard surfaces like parking lots and internal driveways are the − most obvious areas to target for both stormwater quality and − water balance improvements. These features produce more − runoff than any other area on your site. Water quality of runoff − from parking lots and driveways is typically more polluted − than other source areas. Common water quality concerns − include sand and salt from winter de-icing operations, and − hydrocarbons (gasoline) and metals from vehicle breakdowns − Runoff from vegetated areas of parks will be relatively − clean and more closely match the natural water balance. − On municipal park properties, hard surfaces are usually − located adjacent to pervious areas such as lawns, gardens or naturalized areas. This makes an ideal location for a LID − retrofit. Where grading allows, you can construct bioswales − and bioretention areas in these green areas to pre-treat water − prior to infiltration. − You can also design parking surfaces and internal roadways − as infiltration systems using permeable pavement. This retrofit − strategy can be combined with other LID practices. − A pedestrian pathway paved with permeable pavement − is another LID option for your park. They will reduce runoff − volumes and encourage on-site infiltration. Pervious pipes − are a viable option on many parks sites as well. They can be − an alternative to conventional conveyance systems such as − storm sewers. They encourage infiltration from hard surfaces − and can be used to convey water to other LID features. − <br> <br> − '''<h4>Accepting drainage from off-site areas</h4>''' [[File:Example1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Urban parkettes may look small, but they have − the potential to treat a large surface area of road. Typical ratios − of impervious drainage area to bioretention range from 5:1 to − 15:1. (Source: CVC)]] − − Does municipally owned land drain into your retrofit site? If − so, this is an opportunity to provide stormwater controls for − these areas. − Roads are the most common source of runoff from external − properties into parks. Treating municipal road runoff in a park − requires planning input from municipal roads department − staff. For these projects, the team must understand how all − roads activities, including winter maintenance and potential − roadwork, will affect the operation of LID practices in the park. − <br><br> − '''<h4>Inter-municipal transfer of funds</h4>''' Integrating LID practices into the municipal stormwater − management framework may change how municipal funds are − managed. Traditional stormwater management maintenance − resources and funds may have to be transferred to a more landscape-based stormwater management maintenance program. Instead of infrequent but expensive stormwater management pond sediment removal operations, time and − resources will be spent on more frequent but inexpensive maintenance projects including pruning and weeding bioretention practices or sweeping permeable pavement. − Municipalities generally have the required staff and infrastructure within departments (e.g. arborist and horticulturalists in parks departments) to manage the maintenance of LID measures; however, funding this maintenance may require a transfer of funding and additional − training. − The federal Gas Tax Fund (GTF) is another funding option for − funding LID retrofits. This is a federal transfer that provides − long term funding for municipalities to build and revitalize − public infrastructure. Up to 30% of municipalities yearly GTF − allotment can be used towards stormwater management. − <br><br> − − '''<h4>Source Areas</h4>''' [[File:Example3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The road surface (left) contributes significantly − more stormwater pollutants than the parkland area (right). To − achieve maximum watershed benefit a designer could consider − accepting runoff from this external area. (Source: CVC)]] − The LID option that best fits your site will depend what types − of source areas are present. Types of source areas include: − • Active use area − • Passive use area − • Pedestrian walkway − • Internal driveway − • Parking lot − On park sites, pollution prevention is often associated with − changes to operations and maintenance practices and has − not been included in Table 3.3.1. An aerial photo of a park − with each of these source areas accompanies Table 3.3.1. − Options and implementation strategies for a few of these − source areas will give you some ideas for your park site. − {| class="wikitable" − |colspan="9" style="text-align: center;|'''[[LID Options for Parks]]''' − |- − | Source area || Permeable pavement || Bioretention || Enhanced grassed swales || Bioswales || Soakaways and infiltration chambers || Perforated pipe system || Landscape alternatives || Prefabricated modules − |- − | Active use area ||style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| o || style="text-align: center;|* || style="text-align: center;|* || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|* ||style="text-align: center;| o ||style="text-align: center;| o − |- − | Passive use area ||style="text-align: center;| o || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** − |-style="text-align: center;| − | Pedestrian walkway || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| * || style="text-align: center;|* || style="text-align: center;|o − |- − | Internal driveway || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|o ||style="text-align: center;| * − |- − | Parking lot ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| o || style="text-align: center;|** − − |- − !colspan="3" style="background:cyan; color:black"| '''** Common option''' − !colspan="3" style="background: orange; color: black"|'''* Possible option''' − !colspan="3" style="background: brown; color: white"|'''o Unlikely''' − |} − '''<h3>[[Making it happen: Approaches to getting LID into parks]] </h3>''' − − The scale of your LID project will largely determine how you − will proceed. This guide provides two tiers of LID park retrofit − projects. You can usually complete small-scale LID projects − with in-house expertise and resources. Large-scale projects − will require external support from consultants and contractors. − − '''<h4>Small-scale projects</h4>''' [[File:Example4.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|A no-mow zone is a landscape alternative that − does not require construction activities. (Source: Aquafor Beech)]] − Starting with small-scale projects is a good strategy to − increase public interest in LID practices, gauge municipal − support, and gain experience. Small-scale projects include − retrofitting your parks site with landscape alternatives or rain − barrels, or using pollution prevention strategies and practices.<br> − Small-scale projects require fewer resources and require a − smaller project budget because: − * They do not require integration into capital works projects − * Engineering consultants are not required − * Contractors may not be not required − * External approvals are not required − * Consultation with the public is limited − Due to the less significant financial commitment, it can be − easier to build colleague and supervisor support for small-scale − projects.<br> − Small-scale projects like landscape alternatives and pollution − prevention may not be easily identified as LID practices by − the public. Your project team should consider establishing − educational signage to inform the public.<br> − '''<h4>Large-scale projects</h4>''' − Large-scale projects require significantly more effort, budget, − and staff than small-scale projects. Large-scale LID projects − include: − *Bioretention − * Enhanced grass swales − * Bioswales − * Perforated pipe systems − * Permeable pavement − * Soakaways − * Infiltration chambers − * Rainwater harvesting (excluding rain barrels) − * Prefabricated modules <br> − Consider a large-scale project if your municipality or − department would like to be a leader in sustainability. Largescale − projects are often highly visible and attract more public − attention. Large-scale projects may also be the only solution to − site-specific challenges. For example, if the parking lot on your − site does not have existing stormwater controls, small-scale − projects are not likely to fully achieve compliance with water − quality and quantity objectives. Consider using an infiltration − chamber or bioswale project to meet those objectives. − Before starting a large-scale retrofit project, consider the − following distinctions that set these retrofits apart from smallscale − projects.<br> − '''<h4>Integration with capital works programs</h4>''' − Most large-scale LID retrofits must function with existing − site infrastructure, such as storm sewers, catch basins, − and pavement systems. The construction of large-scale − LID practices often requires these systems to be removed, − exposed, or replaced. The best time for this type of project to − occur is when an infrastructure replacement or rehabilitation − project is already planned. − For example, installing bioretention, infiltration chambers, − or permeable pavement in a parking lot requires removal of − existing pavement. Budget and resources set aside for parking lot replacement could be transferred to a retrofit project that − includes replacement of this infrastructure.<br> − '''<h4>Involvement of consultants and contractors</h4>''' − Consultants are required for large-scale retrofit projects, − specifically for the final screening of options, pre-design, − detailed design, tender and contract documents, construction − supervision and administration, and assumption and − verification. Site contractors are also required for large-scale LID retrofits. − Ideally, contractors should be pre-qualified based on previous − experience with similar LID projects. − <br> − '''<h4>More intensive public consultation</h4>''' − Stakeholders must be closely involved in the retrofit process − for large-scale LID projects. These projects have longer − construction windows, may have significant impacts on longterm − public use patterns of the park, and will cost significantly − more taxpayer dollars. − Gaining public insight in advance of LID implementation can − help address public concerns and information gaps, as well as − identify public supporters and champions. Public consultation − can help designers tailor the project to address community − concerns and values. [[File:Example5.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|When installing new parks equipment, consider whether the LID practices can be integrated into the design. Here a − bioswale has been built into the landscape between a playground and sidewalk. (Source: CVC)]] − − '''<h4>External approvals</h4>''' − Large-scale park retrofits may require a variety of approvals − at the municipal, watershed, provincial, and/or federal level. − Since LID is still relatively new, you may encounter policies − or bylaws that present barriers to LID retrofit projects. − Alternatively, the municipality may have to enforce some − policies and bylaws to facilitate the implementation of LID − projects within parks. − <br> − '''<h4>Next Steps</h4>''' − After reading this chapter you should know how to select the − right LID practice for your site. You should also be familiar − with the details you need to consider before undertaking an − LID retrofit.
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